Mitral Valve
Anatomy
The mitral valve consists of two valve leaflets , the anterior klpeblad (A) and the rear blade (P) , which together have a total of 4 - 6cm2. At the edges are chordae tendinae, which ensure that the leaflets do not tip (prolapse). These attach to two major papillairspierkoppen that are part of the muscle of the left ventricle .
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| Top view of the normal heart showing the coronary arteries and four valves including the mitral valve[1] |
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The mitral valve is bringing many scan faces in pictures: Plax, PSAXmv, AP4Ch, AP5Ch, AP2Ch, AP3Ch and subcostaal4Ch. A prolapse of the MV is assessed on Plax . But mitral valvular insufficiency should be considered in all views. When significant abnormalities of the mitral 3D TEE can assist in assessing the severity .
| 3D (TEE) view of MV with a chorda rupture |
| Examples of Mitral variants (AP4Ch) | |
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| Normal | Degenerative |
| Prolapse | Rheumatic |
mitral scallops The two leaflets are divided into a total of six scallops : A1 , A2 , A3 ( anterior) , P1 , P2 , P3 ( posterior ) .
AP2CH MV MV MV PSax Surgical view
AP4CH MV MV MV Plax TEE views ( Fig. click for animation ) Source image: Mechanisms of Mitral regugitation - role of 3D ultrasound illustrated by case studies - ML Geleijnse .
More info : stenosis causes mitral acquired degeneracy rheumatic fever Space occupying lesion myxoma congenital parachute valve Cor triatriatum Effects of mitral stenosis : Chest pain , shortness of breath when lying flat , with exertion and attacks during the night or morning ( cardiac asthma ) , possibly coughing up blood ; any complaints from law failure , such as ankle edema . Hartkkloppingen by atrial fibrillation , which can cause embolism , such as a stroke . The valve can be opened by balloon angioplasty or surgically treated by valve replacement .
Click for mitral stenosis quantification .
insufficiency causes mitral valvular insufficiency annulus dilatation atrial fibrillation left ventricular dilatation Left Atrium dilatation degeneracy Malcoaptatie at mitralisklepsteonose Acquired valve defect billowing prolapse floppy valve Flail Chordaruptuur Papillairspierruptuur secondary Arrhythmias ( LBBB - > diastolic MI ) SAM in HCM Mitral valvular insufficiency (MI ) may result in decompensation on the left side . An MI results in back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. This may eventually result in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is manifested by shortness of breath , initially with exertion , but later at rest , orthopnea and nocturnal dyspnea attacks . On physical examination, pulmonary edema can be detected by fine crackles with particular dorsobasale lung fields . A complication that may be the left atrium increases , the electrical stimulation that is chaotic , with as a result of atrial fibrillation .
Click for quantification mitral valvular insufficiency .
References
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How the heart works from Geisinger’s Health Library, powered by Krames Online.