Mitral Valve: Difference between revisions

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==Anatomy==
==Anatomy==
The mitral valve consists of two valve leaflets , the anterior klpeblad (A) and the rear blade (P) , which together have a total of 4 - 6cm<sup>2</sup>. At the edges are chordae tendinae, which ensure that the leaflets do not tip (prolapse). These attach to two major papillairspierkoppen that are part of the muscle of the left ventricle .
The mitral valve consists of two valve leaflets, the anterior leaflet (AMVL) and the posterior leaflet (PMVL), which together have a surface of 4 - 6 cm<sup>2</sup>. Via chordae tendineae, small tendons which ensure that the leaflets do not prolapse, the valve leaflets are attached to two major papillary muscles (anterolateral en posteromedial) in the left ventricle.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:Mvalv.png]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:Mvalv.svg|400px]]
|-
|-
!Top view of the normal heart showing the coronary arteries and four valves including the mitral valve<cite>1</cite>
!Top view of the normal heart showing the coronary arteries and four valves including the mitral valve with its anterior (A) and posterior (P) leaflets<cite>1</cite>
|}
|}


The mitral valve is bringing many scan faces in pictures: Plax, PSAXmv, AP4Ch, AP5Ch, AP2Ch, AP3Ch and subcostaal4Ch. A prolapse of the MV is assessed on Plax . But mitral valvular insufficiency should be considered in all views. When significant abnormalities of the mitral 3D TEE can assist in assessing the severity .
The mitral valve is bringing many scan faces in pictures: PLAX, PSAXmv, AP4Ch, AP5Ch, AP2Ch, AP3Ch and subcostal4Ch. Mitral valvular insufficiency should be considered in all views. When significant abnormalities of the mitral valve are suspected, TEE (particularly 3D TEE) can assist in assessing the severity.


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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
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|Video
|Video
|-
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|3D (TEE) view of MV with a chorda rupture
!3D (TEE) view of MV with a chorda rupture
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==The scallops of the mitral valve==
==The scallops of the mitral valve==
The two leaflets are divided into a total of six scallops: A1, A2, A3 (anterior), P1, P2, P3 (posterior).
The two leaflets are divided into a total of six scallops: A1, A2, A3 (anterior) and P1, P2, P3 (posterior).


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV AP2CH.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV_AP2CH.svg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV PLAX.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV_PLAX.svg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV PSAX.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV_PSAX.svg|235px]]
|-
|-
!MV AP2CH
!MV AP2CH
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!MV Surgical view
!MV Surgical view
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV AP4CH.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV_AP4CH.svg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV surgical view.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MV_surgical_view.svg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MVtee.jpg|235px]]
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center"|[[Image:MVtee.svg|235px]]
|-
|-
!MV AP4CH
!MV AP4CH
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==Stenosis==
==Stenosis==
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="400px"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Causes of mitral valve stenosis
!colspan="2"|Causes of mitral valve stenosis
|-
|-
|Acquired
!Acquired
|
|
*Degeneracy
*Degeneracy
*Rheumatic fever
*Rheumatic fever
|-
|-
|Space occupying lesion
!Space occupying lesion
|
|
*Myxoma
*Myxoma
|-
|-
|Congenital
!Congenital
|
|
*Parachute valve
*Parachute valve
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|}
|}


Effects of mitral stenosis : Chest pain , shortness of breath when lying flat , with exertion and attacks during the night or morning ( cardiac asthma ) , possibly coughing up blood ; any complaints from law failure , such as ankle edema .
===Effects of mitral valve stenosis:===
Hartkkloppingen by atrial fibrillation , which can cause embolism , such as a stroke . The valve can be opened by balloon angioplasty or surgically treated by valve replacement .
Chest pain, of breath when lying flat, with exertion and attacks during the night or morning (cardiac asthma), possibly coughing up blood; any complaints from right valve failure, such as ankle edema. Palpitations by atrial fibrillation, which can cause embolism, such as a stroke.  
 
===Treatment===
The valve can be opened by balloon angioplasty or surgically treated by valve replacement.


Click for mitral stenosis quantification .
Click [[Mitral Stenosis|'''here''']] for mitral stenosis quantification.


==Insufficiency==
==Insufficiency==
causes mitral valvular insufficiency
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="400px"
annulus dilatation
|-
atrial fibrillation
!colspan="2"|Causes of mitral valvular insufficiency
left ventricular dilatation
|-
Left Atrium dilatation
!Annular dilatation
degeneracy
|
Malcoaptatie at mitralisklepsteonose
*Atrial fibrillation
Acquired valve defect
*Left ventricular dilatation
billowing
*Left atrial dilatation
prolapse
|-
floppy valve
!Degenerative disease
Flail
|
Chordaruptuur
*Malcoaptation at mitral valve stenosis
Papillairspierruptuur
|-
secondary
!Acquired valve defect
Arrhythmias ( LBBB - > diastolic MI )
|
SAM in HCM
*Billowing
Mitral valvular insufficiency (MI ) may result in decompensation on the left side . An MI results in back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. This may eventually result in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is manifested by shortness of breath , initially with exertion , but later at rest , orthopnea and nocturnal dyspnea attacks . On physical examination, pulmonary edema can be detected by fine crackles with particular dorsobasale lung fields .
*Prolapse
A complication that may be the left atrium increases , the electrical stimulation that is chaotic , with as a result of atrial fibrillation .
*Floppy valve
*Flail
*Chordal rupture
*Papillary muscle rupture
|-
!Secondary
|
*Arrhythmias (LBBB-->diastolic MI)
*SAM in HCM
|}
 
Mitral valve insufficiency (MI) may result in left-sided congestive heart failure. An MI results in back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. This may eventually result in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is manifested by shortness of breath, initially with exertion, but later at rest, orthopnea and nocturnal dyspnea attacks. On physical examination, pulmonary edema can be detected by fine crackles, particularly in the dorsobasale lung fields. Increasing left atrial pressure and dimension may cause atrial fibrillation.  


Click for quantification mitral valvular insufficiency .
Click [[Mitral Insufficiency|'''here''']] for quantification mitral valvular insufficiency .


==References==
==References==
<biblio>
<biblio>
#1 [http://www.geisinger.kramesonline.com/3,S,89116 How the heart works] from Geisinger’s Health Library.
#1 [http://www.geisinger.kramesonline.com/3,S,89116 How the heart works] from Geisinger’s Health Library.
#2 [http://www.escardio.org/education/live-events/courses/education-resource/Documents/021-1715-Geleijnse-Wbz-Tue-S05.pdf Mechanisms of Mitral regugitation - role of 3D ultrasound illustrated by case studies - ML Geleijnse.]
#2 [http://www.escardio.org/education/live-events/courses/education-resource/Documents/021-1715-Geleijnse-Wbz-Tue-S05.pdf Mechanisms of Mitral regugitation - ML Geleijnse.]
</biblio>
</biblio>

Latest revision as of 17:36, 26 February 2015

Anatomy

The mitral valve consists of two valve leaflets, the anterior leaflet (AMVL) and the posterior leaflet (PMVL), which together have a surface of 4 - 6 cm2. Via chordae tendineae, small tendons which ensure that the leaflets do not prolapse, the valve leaflets are attached to two major papillary muscles (anterolateral en posteromedial) in the left ventricle.

Mvalv.svg
Top view of the normal heart showing the coronary arteries and four valves including the mitral valve with its anterior (A) and posterior (P) leaflets[1]

The mitral valve is bringing many scan faces in pictures: PLAX, PSAXmv, AP4Ch, AP5Ch, AP2Ch, AP3Ch and subcostal4Ch. Mitral valvular insufficiency should be considered in all views. When significant abnormalities of the mitral valve are suspected, TEE (particularly 3D TEE) can assist in assessing the severity.

Video
3D (TEE) view of MV with a chorda rupture

 

Examples of Mitral variants (AP4Ch)
Video Video
Normal Degenerative
Video Video
Prolapse Rheumatic

 

The scallops of the mitral valve

The two leaflets are divided into a total of six scallops: A1, A2, A3 (anterior) and P1, P2, P3 (posterior).

MV AP2CH.svg MV PLAX.svg MV PSAX.svg
MV AP2CH MV PSAX MV Surgical view
MV AP4CH.svg MV surgical view.svg MVtee.svg
MV AP4CH MV PLAX MV TEE views (Fig. click for animation)
Source image: Mechanisms of Mitral regugitation - role of 3D ultrasound illustrated by case studies - ML Geleijnse.[2]

Stenosis

Causes of mitral valve stenosis
Acquired
  • Degeneracy
  • Rheumatic fever
Space occupying lesion
  • Myxoma
Congenital
  • Parachute valve
  • Cor triatriatum

Effects of mitral valve stenosis:

Chest pain, of breath when lying flat, with exertion and attacks during the night or morning (cardiac asthma), possibly coughing up blood; any complaints from right valve failure, such as ankle edema. Palpitations by atrial fibrillation, which can cause embolism, such as a stroke.

Treatment

The valve can be opened by balloon angioplasty or surgically treated by valve replacement.

Click here for mitral stenosis quantification.

Insufficiency

Causes of mitral valvular insufficiency
Annular dilatation
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Left ventricular dilatation
  • Left atrial dilatation
Degenerative disease
  • Malcoaptation at mitral valve stenosis
Acquired valve defect
  • Billowing
  • Prolapse
  • Floppy valve
  • Flail
  • Chordal rupture
  • Papillary muscle rupture
Secondary
  • Arrhythmias (LBBB-->diastolic MI)
  • SAM in HCM

Mitral valve insufficiency (MI) may result in left-sided congestive heart failure. An MI results in back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. This may eventually result in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is manifested by shortness of breath, initially with exertion, but later at rest, orthopnea and nocturnal dyspnea attacks. On physical examination, pulmonary edema can be detected by fine crackles, particularly in the dorsobasale lung fields. Increasing left atrial pressure and dimension may cause atrial fibrillation.

Click here for quantification mitral valvular insufficiency .

References

  1. How the heart works from Geisinger’s Health Library.

    [1]
  2. [2]