Pulmonary: Difference between revisions

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==Anatomy==
==Anatomy==
The pulmonary valve is a tricuspid valve is similar in construction and size of the aortic valve. The valve has a right (R) -, a left (L) - and an anterior slip valve (A). The pulmonary valve is slightly above, left anterior aortic valve.
The pulmonary valve is a tricuspid valve is similar in construction and size of the aortic valve. The valve has a right (R) -, a left (L) - and an anterior slip valve (A). The pulmonary valve is slightly above, left anterior aortic valve.<cite>1</cite>


[[Image:Pulmvalv.png|400px]]
[[Image:Pulmvalv.svg|400px]]


==Echocardiographic views==
==Echocardiographic views==
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==Stenosis==
==Stenosis==
Stenosis of the pulmonary valve is very rare . Although as with aortic stenosis , the cause may be located above or below the valve , the valve usually is a wrong engineered valve . Which is then deformed dome formation with a small opening .
Stenosis of the pulmonary valve is very rare. Although as with aortic stenosis, the cause may be located above or below the valve, the valve usually is a wrong engineered valve. Which is then deformes into a dome formation with a small opening.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
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|colspan="2"|'''Causes''' <cite>2</cite>
|colspan="2"|'''Causes''' <cite>2</cite>
|-
|-
!Congenital
!width="20%"|Congenital
|Tetralogy of Falot
|Tetralogy of Falot
|-
|-
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==Tetralogy of Fallot==
==Tetralogy of Fallot==
Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart defect described by Etienne Fallot (1850-1911) , with four different heart defects occur:
Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart defect described by Etienne Fallot (1850-1911), with four different heart defects occur:


*Pulmonaalstenose
*Pulmonaalstenose
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*About propelled aortic
*About propelled aortic


Tetralogy of Fallot results in a lower concentration of oxygen in the blood by the mixing of oxygen - rich blood and into the ventricles . The obstruction of the pulmonary valve ensures that blood from the right ventricle to the aorta flows through the ventricular septal defect . Usually this syndrome marked by cyanosis of the baby . This disorder was formerly called blue baby syndrome therefore called , but there are also " pink Fallots ", where the obstruction of the pulmonary valve is less severe . These patients are usually detected with an image of heart failure by excessive flow of the pulmonary vascular tree . In rare cases, there is a balanced position , wherein the stenosis is large enough in order to protect ( against over- flow) , and is low enough not to cause too much. Cyanosis pulmonary vascular
Tetralogy of Fallot results in a lower concentration of oxygen in the blood by the mixing of oxygen - rich blood into the ventricles. The obstruction of the pulmonary valve ensures that the blood from the right ventricle to the aorta flows through the ventricular septal defect. Usually this syndrome is marked by cyanosis of the baby. Thus this disorder was formerly called "blue baby syndrome". There are also "pink fallots", where the obstruction of the pulmonary valve is less severe. These patients are usually detected with an image of heart failure by excessive flow of the pulmonary vascular tree. In rare cases, there is a balanced position, wherein the stenosis is large enough in order to protect (against over-flow), and is low enough not to cause too much cyanosis pulmonary vascular.


Click [http://www.tetralogievanfallot.nl/|'''here'''] for more info on Tetralogy of Fallot
Click [http://www.tetralogievanfallot.nl/|'''here'''] for more info on Tetralogy of Fallot


==Insufficiency==
==Insufficiency==
Pulmonaalinsufficiëntie is a volume load on the RV . Important insufficiency will lead to RV dilation. This volume will load the RV long endure , but will eventually go the RV failure.
Pulmonary insufficiency is a volume load on the RV. Important insufficiency will lead to RV dilation. This volume will load the RV into long endure, but will eventually lead to RV failure.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
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|colspan="2"|'''Causes''' <cite>3</cite>
|colspan="2"|'''Causes''' <cite>3</cite>
|-
|-
!Physiologic
!width="20%"|Physiologic
|Is found in 40-80% of people
|Is found in 40-80% of people
|-
|-
!Congenital
!Congenital
|Wrong landscaped valve cusps or absence of (partial) cover slip.
|Incorrectly laid valve cusps or absence of (partial) cover slip.
|-
|-
!valign="top"|Acquired
!valign="top"|Acquired
|
|
*As a result of pulmonary hypertension.
*As a result of pulmonary hypertension.
*By balloon dilation or plastic PV at correcting pulmonaalstenose.
*By balloon dilation or plastic PV at correcting pulmonary stenosis.
*Carcinoid
*Carcinoid
*Endocarditis.
*Endocarditis.
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==References==
==References==
<biblio>
<biblio>
#1 [[www.geisinger.kramesonline.com Geisinger - Krames Online]]  
#1 [http://www.geisinger.kramesonline.com/3,S,89116 Geisinger - How the Heart Works]
#2 pmid=19065003
#2 pmid=19065003
#3 pmid=20375260
#3 pmid=20375260
</biblio>
</biblio>

Latest revision as of 09:31, 29 March 2014

Anatomy

The pulmonary valve is a tricuspid valve is similar in construction and size of the aortic valve. The valve has a right (R) -, a left (L) - and an anterior slip valve (A). The pulmonary valve is slightly above, left anterior aortic valve.[1]

Pulmvalv.svg

Echocardiographic views

Pulm art02.jpg Pulm art03.jpg
PSAX ao Plax by tilted

Stenosis

Stenosis of the pulmonary valve is very rare. Although as with aortic stenosis, the cause may be located above or below the valve, the valve usually is a wrong engineered valve. Which is then deformes into a dome formation with a small opening.

Causes [2]
Congenital Tetralogy of Falot
Acquired
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Tumor

Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart defect described by Etienne Fallot (1850-1911), with four different heart defects occur:

  • Pulmonaalstenose
  • VSD
  • RV Hypertrophy
  • About propelled aortic

Tetralogy of Fallot results in a lower concentration of oxygen in the blood by the mixing of oxygen - rich blood into the ventricles. The obstruction of the pulmonary valve ensures that the blood from the right ventricle to the aorta flows through the ventricular septal defect. Usually this syndrome is marked by cyanosis of the baby. Thus this disorder was formerly called "blue baby syndrome". There are also "pink fallots", where the obstruction of the pulmonary valve is less severe. These patients are usually detected with an image of heart failure by excessive flow of the pulmonary vascular tree. In rare cases, there is a balanced position, wherein the stenosis is large enough in order to protect (against over-flow), and is low enough not to cause too much cyanosis pulmonary vascular.

Click here for more info on Tetralogy of Fallot

Insufficiency

Pulmonary insufficiency is a volume load on the RV. Important insufficiency will lead to RV dilation. This volume will load the RV into long endure, but will eventually lead to RV failure.

Causes [3]
Physiologic Is found in 40-80% of people
Congenital Incorrectly laid valve cusps or absence of (partial) cover slip.
Acquired
  • As a result of pulmonary hypertension.
  • By balloon dilation or plastic PV at correcting pulmonary stenosis.
  • Carcinoid
  • Endocarditis.

References

  1. [1]
  2. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP, Iung B, Otto CM, Pellikka PA, Quiñones M, and EAE/ASE. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Jan;10(1):1-25. DOI:10.1093/ejechocard/jen303 | PubMed ID:19065003 | HubMed [2]
  3. Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Moura L, Popescu BA, Agricola E, Monin JL, Pierard LA, Badano L, Zamorano JL, and European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010 Apr;11(3):223-44. DOI:10.1093/ejechocard/jeq030 | PubMed ID:20375260 | HubMed [3]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed